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  • 《景觀設計學》2023年第4期

    作 者:
    陳潔萍(CHEN Jieping),布魯諾·德·繆爾德(Bruno De MEULDER),凱利·香農(Kelly SHANNON)等
    類 別:
    景觀
    出 版 社:
    高等教育出版社
    出版時間:
    2023-08

地形學能否助力完善景觀設計方法?

Can Topography Facilitate the Refinement of  Landscape Design Methods?

(陳潔萍,《景觀設計學》2023年第4期“主編寄語”)


景觀是個模糊多義的概念——它既是我們眼中的繽紛世界,也是一種觀看世界的方式。故而,景觀概念始終存在于主觀與客觀、個人與社會的對立統一中[1],使我們難于從中提煉出既專業科學又對藝術表達保持敏感度和開放性的景觀設計方法。

地形作為景觀的基本要素之一,同樣具有模糊性——它雖代表的是真實、具體的人類立足之地,卻往往被忽視,只有那些處于人的感知范圍內且富有特色的地形才會被直接感知。更多時候,我們關注到的是繪制在圖紙上、制作于模型中的地形。這些經過想象加工的抽象圖形圖像代表著我們對世界的一種理解,也暗示著我們與真實世界的距離。

對地形的感知、理解和設計是景觀設計從業者的基本能力,也是景觀工程實踐必須直面的核心問題。從場地調研到設計,從小尺度場地到國土空間,地形既是景觀設計的對象,也是構建景觀的媒介。從地理學發展而來的傳統地形學(Topography),由于過于強調技術,只能反映出地形的抽象特征,而與人文感知日漸偏離。這造成了景觀設計中對地形的單一化解讀和程式化操作,使地形設計往往被簡化為豎向設計。

人類世背景下的地形是自然的,更是人工的。隨著地形測繪和設計技術不斷地更新迭代,愈發先進的地形、地物呈現方式展現出復雜且持續演變的人地關系。我們需要更深入地探討地形的豐富內涵之于景觀設計的意義——尤其是關于地形所承載的科學與感知的雙面性,以及將二者聯系在一起所激發的無限可能性。這將推動地形學的研究突破尺度的限制與學科的邊界,地形設計或將成為最能完整地將專業科學與藝術表現力相結合的景觀設計途徑之一,并促進風景園林學科核心競爭力的提升。


Landscape is an ambiguous and multifaceted concept. It is not only the diverse world we see, but also a way to see the world. Therefore, the concept of landscape has always been entangled in the unity and opposition between subjectivity and objectivity[1], individuals and society, making it difficult to extract professional and scientific landscape design methods that maintain sensitivity and openness to artistic expressions.

Terrain, as a fundamental element of landscapes, is also ambiguous. Although referring to the physical space where we live, it often goes unnoticed. Only when the terrain is distinctive enough and its scale is within the range of human perception, can it be directly sensed. Most of the time, we pay attention to the terrain depicted on maps or represented in models. These representations have been abstracted and imagined, expressing our understanding of the world and implying the distance between us and reality.

The perception, understanding, and manipulation of terrain are not only fundamental skills for landscape architects, but also key issues to be addressed in landscape engineering practice. From site surveys to landscape design and from small-scale sites to national territories, terrain is always the object of landscape design and a medium for manipulation. Developed from Geography, the traditional Topography overemphasizes the technical aspects, only reflecting the abstract characteristics of terrain but detaching from human’s cultural perception. This has resulted in a single interpretation of terrain and stereotyped practice in landscape design, where topographical design is always simplified into terrain grading.

In the era of Anthropocene, terrain is becoming more artificial, rather than natural. As the techniques for terrain mapping and manipulation are constantly evolving, more and more advantaged presentation of terrain and surface features reflects the complex and changing human-land relationship. It is imperative that we explore in-depth how the rich connotation of topography can facilitate refining landscape design, especially regarding the dual natures of terrain, both from scientific and perceptive aspects. This exploration opens up infinite possibilities for linking science and perception in relation to terrain. In this process, topographical studies will be promoted to break through the limits of scale and the boundaries of disciplines. Topographical design may also be one of the most comprehensive landscape design approaches to unifying scientific knowledge and artistic expressions. In realizing this goal, the core competitiveness of Landscape Architecture will undoubtedly be enhanced.


REFERENCE
[1] Cosgrove, D. (2022). Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (J. Li, Trans.) (pp. 13–23). The Commercial Press. (Original work published 1984)


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